A mob hired by the Count of Wittelsbach broke up the conclave. Pope from 1159-81 (Orlando Bandinelli), born of a distinguished Sienese family; died 3 August, 1181. He brought European court mannerism to Germany, where he directed the sculpture…, Alexander Graham Bell Notebooks Project (1875–), Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Alexander ab Alexandro (Alexandro Alessandri) (ca. Alexander’s enforced exile (1162-65) in France contributed greatly to enhance the dignity of the papacy, never so popular as when in distress. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. “Pope Alexander III.” The Catholic Encyclopedia. Of the twenty-two cardinals assembled, 7 September, to elect a successor all but three voted for Orlando. Játiva, Spain Before hundreds of bishops and abbots, twenty-one cardinals, and laymen from all corners of the Earth, the pope issued a number of regulations that sealed his reputation as a gifted ecclesiastical legislator. . 11 Aug. 2020
. He is remembered for instituting the two-thirds majority rule for papal elections, championing the universities, and endorsing ecclesiastical independence. 10,584-14,424) was enriched by Löwenfeld’s publication of many hitherto unknown (Epistolae Pontif. Vol. . 1982-09-17: new. His epitaph referred to him as "the Light of the Clergy, the Ornament of the Church, the Father of his City and of the World." Encyclopedia of World Biography. It is possible that during this period Alexander completed a manuscript, Sententie Rodlandi Bononiensis magistri, based on the work of French canon and scholastic philosopher Abelard. ALEXANDER (c. 36–7 b.c.e. It was an alliance formed for the mutual support and protection of the Church and the sovereign king against their enemies, especially the Normans. This book provides a long overdue reassessment of his papacy and his achievements, bringing together thirteen essays which review existing scholarship and present the latest research and new perspectives. ineditae, Leipzig, 1885). After Becket was murdered, Alexander canonized him. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ." He was created Cardinal Deacon, then Cardinal Priest of the title of St. Mark, and Papal Chancellor. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates.