[95][96], Elizabeth's first policy toward Scotland was to oppose the French presence there. Somerset, 102. Having previously promised to marry, she told an unruly House: I will never break the word of a prince spoken in public place, for my honour's sake. Bitte stimme unseren Nutzungsbedingungen zu. Elisabeth war die bestausgebildete Frau ihrer Zeit - sogar besser als die meisten Männer ihres Standes. Bitte stimme unserer Datenschutzerklärung zu. Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. Catholic Europe was outraged by the regicide of a Catholic monarch and Mary's execution played its part in convincing King Philip … [69] Elizabeth was extremely jealous of his affections, even when she no longer meant to marry him herself. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures.". Henry's succession was strongly contested by the Catholic League and by Philip II, and Elizabeth feared a Spanish takeover of the channel ports. [121] The treaty marked the beginning of the Anglo-Spanish War, which lasted until the Treaty of London in 1604. Her action led to her excommunication by the Pope and also made her subject to Catholic plots to remove her from the throne and replace her with her cousin Mary Queen of Scots. California – Do not sell my personal information. advocated wars. His will ignored the Succession to the Crown Act 1543, excluded both Mary and Elizabeth from the succession, and instead declared as his heir Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister, Mary. The speech contains the first record of her adoption of the medieval political theology of the sovereign's "two bodies": the body natural and the body politic:[44], My lords, the law of nature moves me to sorrow for my sister; the burden that is fallen upon me makes me amazed, and yet, considering I am God's creature, ordained to obey His appointment, I will thereto yield, desiring from the bottom of my heart that I may have assistance of His grace to be the minister of His heavenly will in this office now committed to me. Some years later his wife died in mysterious circumstances. One theory is that she never married because the way that her father had treated his wives had put her off marriage, another is that she was abused by Thomas Seymour while under the care of Katherine Parr, a third theory suggests that she was so in love with Robert Dudley that she could not bring herself to marry another man. In fact, her skin had been scarred by smallpox in 1562, leaving her half bald and dependent on wigs and cosmetics. [142], When the Protestant Henry IV inherited the French throne in 1589, Elizabeth sent him military support. [41] When his wife fell ill in 1558, King Philip sent the Count of Feria to consult with Elizabeth. All rights reserved. An element of piracy and self-enrichment drove Elizabethan seafarers, over whom the queen had little control.[118][119]. [199] The advice worked. Feodor declared his kingdom open to all foreigners, and dismissed the English ambassador Sir Jerome Bowes, whose pomposity had been tolerated by Ivan. Hinweis: Die Figur kann jederzeit im Bereich „Mein ZDFtivi“ geändert werden. "Elizabeth I: A Sense Of Place In Stone, Print And Paint,", Rowse, A. L. "Queen Elizabeth and the Historians. [7][8] She was baptised on 10 September 1533; Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, the Marquess of Exeter, the Duchess of Norfolk and the Dowager Marchioness of Dorset stood as her godparents. [14] By the time William Grindal became her tutor in 1544, Elizabeth could write English, Latin, and Italian. They owed little directly to the queen, who was never a major patron of the arts. [136], Though some historians have criticised Elizabeth on similar grounds,[137] Raleigh's verdict has more often been judged unfair. O'Neill finally surrendered in 1603, a few days after Elizabeth's death. [143] Lord Willoughby, largely ignoring Elizabeth's orders, roamed northern France to little effect, with an army of 4,000 men. After her mother was beheaded she was declared illegitimate. Eine Rede an die Nation, die hat die englische Königin vor Sonntagabend erst vier Mal in ihrer langen Regentschaft gehalten. No other portraits of the Queen were allowed. The modern convention is to use the old calendar for the date and month while using the new for the year.[204].