Moreover, ... local governments ... may be sued for constitutional deprivations visited pursuant to governmental 'custom' even though such a custom has not received formal approval through the body's official decisionmaking channels.". A few moments later, a second car pulled into Smith's parking lot and stopped in front of his car. Because Smith sued only the City, and not Kerwin and Huffstutler individually, he was required to prove two things to make out his claim: (1) that the police officers used excessive force against him in violation of his constitutional rights and (2) that a City policy or custom caused their unconstitutional behavior. Two men exited the second car. Its purpose is to give electors, local taxpayers, Council Members, employees and other interested parties clear information about the Council’s finances. Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 690-91, 98 S.Ct. This is a "stringent standard for plaintiffs to satisfy in order to establish municipal liability" and is not met by a showing that police training was grossly negligent or reckless. Our review of the record persuades us that the "evidence" Smith presented in the district court was woefully inadequate to meet this burden. We calculate interest liability at 8% plus the Bank of England base rate on 31 March for each financial year. Smith purported to support one of these allegations--that a man named Mark Bew was the victim of the use of excessive force by Joliet police in December, 1985--by citing as his source a federal "court file." at 2037-38. Smith's account of what happened next differs dramatically from the officers'. Motions for summary judgment should be granted if the pleadings and discovery "show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." This reliance was misplaced since the case, Bew v. City of Joliet, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, No. Smith argued in the district court that Kerwin and Huffstutler used excessive force against him during the investigatory stop and search in violation of his constitutional rights. We Fix Tax Problems FAST! Security Officers Needed at Joliet Based Distribution Center! Smith attaches enormous importance to the fact that the Joliet police department authorized the use by its officers of "numchucks" from 1980-1987. Id. To support his claim, Smith principally relied on nine instances, stretching from 1963-1988, of what he alleges are examples of the use of excessive force by Joliet police officers. After several months of discovery, the district court granted the City's motion for summary judgment, ruling that (1) Smith's account of his treatment by the two police officers did not rise to the level of an unconstitutional use of excessive force and (2) Smith presented no evidence of an unconstitutional City policy or custom which could have caused the officers to use excessive force.